Treatment strategy for pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures with callus formation and displacement neglected for over 1 week / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the treatment strategy for pediatric humeral supracondylar fractures with callus formation and displacement neglected for over 1 week.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made of the clinical data of 36 children who had been treated at Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2011 to January 2021 for humeral supracondylar fractures with callus formation and displacement neglected for over 1 week. There were 22 boys and 14 girls, with an age of (6.7±2.7) years (from 2.3 to 12.8 years). All fractures were Gartland type Ⅲ. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their treatment methods: a closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) group of 15 patients subjected to the CRPP treatment only, and a leverage group of 21 patients subjected to CRPP assisted by the "lever technique" with posterior elbow Kirschner wire prying and pulling. The 2 groups were compared in terms of operation time, fluoroscopy frequency, quality of reduction, and recovery time for elbow range of motion; the elbow range of motion, visual analogue scale (VAS), Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and complications were assessed at the last follow-up.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference between them in the general information before operation ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up for (26.2±16.3) months (from 6 to 96 months). All the fractures obtained acceptable reduction and clinical union 4 to 6 weeks after operation. The operation time [(28.2±6.8) min] and fluoroscopy frequency [(27.0±6.0) times] in the leverage group were significantly less than those in the CRPP group [(40.8±10.8) min and (43.3±11.4) times] ( P<0.05). The CRPP group was significantly better than the leverage group in the intraoperative Baumann angle (78.1°±1.6° versus 73.7°±4.1°), lateral capitellohumeral angle (58.3°±2.6° versus 49.6°±5.2°) and horizontal rotation rate (109.5%±3.0% versus 103.2%±4.9%) ( P<0.05). The intraoperative reduction in the CRPP group was significantly closer to the normal mean value than that in the leverage group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the recovery time for elbow range of motion between the CRPP and the leverage groups ( P>0.05). At the last follow-up, the Baumann angle (75.4°±2.8°) and the lateral capitellohumeral angle (53.2°±3.6°) in the leverage group were still significantly better than those in the CRPP group (78.3°±1.5° and 57.5°±2.3°) ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the elbow range of motion, VAS, MEPS or incidence of complications between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:To treat humeral supracondylar fractures with callus formation and displacement neglected for over 1 week in children, CRPP assisted by the "lever technique" with posterior elbow Kirschner wire prying and pulling is an efficient and accurate method, because it can lead to more satisfactory reduction than CRPP only.

Application of tissue culture technology of medicinal plants in sustainable development of Chinese medicinal resources / 中国中药杂志

Chinese medicinal resources are the cornerstone of the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. However, due to the fecundity of species, over-exploitation, and limitations of artificial cultivation, some medicinal plants are depleted and even endangered. Tissue culture, a breakthrough technology in the breeding of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, is not limited by time and space, and can allow the production on an annual basis, which plays an important role in the protection of Chinese medicinal resources. The present study reviewed the applications of tissue culture of medicinal plants in the field of Chinese medicinal resources, including rapid propagation of medicinal plant seedlings, breeding of novel high-yield and high-quality cultivars, construction of a genetic transformation system, and production of secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the current challenges and suggestions for the future development of this field were also proposed.

Effect of different plant growth regulators on callus and adventitious shoots induction, polysaccharides accumulation and antioxidant activity of Rhodiola dumulosa / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#As a medicinal plant, the resource of Rhodiola dumulosa is deficient along with the large collection. For the protection and utilization of R. dumulosa, the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus induction and adventitious shoots differentiation, polysaccharide production and the antioxidant activity were tested.@*METHODS@#Internodes of R. dumulosa were used as explants and cultured on MS medium plus different plant growth regulators (PGRs). The anti-oxidative activities of polysaccharides were evaluated using radical scavenging assays.@*RESULTS@#By response surface plot, 0.85 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.34 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.33 mg/L 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were the optimal factors for callus induction (90.03%) from internodes explants on MS medium. The fresh weight of green callus increased 47.26 fold, when callus was inoculated on MS + thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.5 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L. Adventitious buds regenerated from callus on the media of MS were fortified with BA 1.0 mg/L plus NAA 0.5 mg/L, and the induction rate was 40.00%. MS plus indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 1.0 mg/L produced the highest rooting rate with 10 to 15 roots in a length of 2-3 cm per shoot. The content of total polysaccharides in callus developed on MS + TDZ 0.5 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L and MS + BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L was as high as 1.72%-2.15%. At the dose of 0.5 mg/mL polysaccharides extracted from different callus induced on MS + NAA 2.0 mg/L + TDZ 0.5 mg/L or MS + BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L or MS + BA 0.5 mg/L + 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L, the ABTS radical eliminating percentages were 82.78%, 80.18% and 68.59%, respectively, much higher than that of wild plant.@*CONCLUSION@#A rapid micropropagation system for R. dumulosa has been developed. The combination of TDZ and NAA or BA and NAA can increase the yield of the total polysaccharides. The polysaccharides isolated from callus and whole wild plants had stronger free radicals scavenging activities, indicating that polysaccharides from R. dumulosa are the potential pharmaceutical supplements.

Effect of BBM gene on callus growth and ginsenoside content in Panax quinquefolius / 中国中药杂志

Baby Boom(BBM) gene is a key regulatory factor in embryonic development and regeneration, cell proliferation, callus growth, and differentiation promotion. Since the genetic transformation system of Panax quinquefolius is unstable with low efficiency and long period, this study attempted to transfer BBM gene of Zea mays to P. quinquefolius callus by gene gunship to investigate its effect on the callus growth and ginsenoside content, laying a foundation for establishing efficient genetic transformation system of P. quinquefolius. Four transgenic callus of P. quinquefolius with different transformation events were obtained by screening for glufosinate ammonium resistance and molecular identification by PCR. The growth state and growth rate of wild-type and transgenic callus were compared in the same growth period. The content of ginsenoside in transgenic callus was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that transgenic callus growth rate was significantly higher than that of wild-type callus. In addition, the content of ginsenoside Rb_1, Rg_1, Ro, and Re was significantly higher than that in wild-type callus. The paper preliminarily proved the function of BBM gene in promoting growth rate and increasing ginsenoside content, which provided a scientific basis to establish a stable and efficient genetic transformation system for Panax plants in the future.

Cloning and expression analysis of U6 promoters in Panax quinquefolius / 中国中药杂志

The U6 promoter is an important element driving sgRNA transcription in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Seven PqU6 promo-ter sequences were cloned from the gDNA of Panax quinquefolium, and the transcriptional activation ability of the seven promoters was studied. In this study, seven PqU6 promoter sequences with a length of about 1 300 bp were cloned from the adventitious roots of P. quinquefolium cultivated for 5 weeks. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the sequence characteristics of PqU6 promoters, and the fusion expression vectors of GUS gene driven by PqU6-P were constructed. Tobacco leaves were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method for activity detection. The seven PqU6 promoters were truncated from the 5'-end to reach 283, 287, 279, 289, 295, 289, and 283 bp, respectively. The vectors for detection of promoter activity were constructed with GUS as a reported gene and used to transform P. quinquefolium callus and tobacco leaves. The results showed that seven PqU6 promoter sequences(PqU6-1P to PqU6-7P) were cloned from the gDNA of P. quinquefolium, with the length ranged from 1 246 bp to 1 308 bp. Sequence comparison results showed that the seven PqU6 promoter sequences and the AtU6-P promoter all had USE and TATA boxes, which are essential elements affecting the transcriptional activity of the U6 promoter. The results of GUS staining and enzyme activity test showed that all the seven PqU6 promoters had transcriptional activity. The PqU6-7P with a length of 1 269 bp had the highest transcriptional activity, 1.31 times that of the positive control P-35S. When the seven PqU6 promoters were truncated from the 5'-end(PqU6-1PA to PqU6-7PA), their transcriptional activities were different in tobacco leaves and P. quinquefolium callus. The transcriptional activity of PqU6-7PA promoter(283 bp) was 1.59 times that of AtU6-P promoter(292 bp) when the recipient material was P. quinquefolium callus. The findings provide more ideal endogenous U6 promoters for CRISPR/Cas9 technology in ginseng and other medicinal plants.

Ilex paraguariensis: the effect of genotypes and growth phase on biomass, secondary metabolism and antioxidant activity of in vitro cultivated calli / Ilex paraguariensis: el efecto de los genotipos y la fase de crecimiento sobre la biomasa, metabolismo secundario y la actividad antioxidante de los callos cultivados in vitro

Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ) produces several secondary metabolites of interest to the phar maceutical industry, such as chlorogenic acids and methylxanthines. These compounds have been produced in vitro by callus culture from different species. However, for I. paraguariensis , no studies upon the production of these compounds in vitro have been p erformed to date. In this work, we show that the concentration of secondary metabolites from I. paraguariensis callus is possible and highly dependent on the callus growth phase. We observed that the best phase for the production of secondary compounds in calli of yerba mate is the stationary growth phase on both genotypes tested. In this phase, higher levels of phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and 3,5 - dicaffeoylquinic acid and greater antioxidant activity were observed. Chlorogenic acid and 3,5 - dicaffe oylquinic acid presented positive correlation with antioxidant activity. For the first time, secondary compounds were reported in yerba mate calli cultivated in vitro .

La yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ) produce varios metabolitos secundarios de interés para la industria farmacéutica, como los ácidos clorogénicos y las metilxantinas. Estos compuestos se han producido in vitro mediante cultivo de ca llos de diferentes especies. Sin embargo, para I. paraguariensis , hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios sobre la producción de estos compuestos in vitro . En este trabajo, mostramos que la concentración de metabolitos secundarios desde callos de I. pa raguariensis es posible y altamente dependiente de la fase de crecimiento del callo. Observamos que la mejor fase para la producción de compuestos secundarios en callos de yerba mate es la fase de crecimiento estacionario en ambos genotipos probados. En es ta fase se observaron niveles más altos de compuestos fenólicos, ácido clorogénico y ácido 3,5 - dicafeoilquínico y una mayor actividad antioxidante. El ácido clorogénico y el ácido 3,5 - dicafeoilquínico presentaron correlación positiva con la actividad antio xidante. Por primera vez, se reportaron compuestos secundarios en callos de yerba mate cultivados in vitro .

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem using a pistillate explant

Desert teak (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem) a multipurpose ornamental tree native to the arid and semi-arid tropics has entered the endangered plant category mainly as a result of the species' ineffective seed reproduction system. The tree usually reproduces through a few root suckers in old stands. Conventional methods of plants multiplication could not offer a viable practice for its mass multiplication. Low adventitious rooting of the cuttings has been the principal cause of failure in its vegetative propagation. Hence, the present research was planned and conducted to evaluate the feasibility of somatic embryogenesis in this species, the pathway that bypasses the need for rooting stage by developing bipolar embryos. Ovary explant was cultured in modified Murashigue & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different auxins and cytokinins. The results showed ?-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was superior in inducing embryogenic callus. NAA ranging 5.4-21.5 ?M could induce the highest embryogenic calli which exhibited developing pro-embryogenic masses (PEM) and globular somatic embryos. The calli which were induced by the use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were poor in quality and showed no morphogenesis potency. Individual application of Thidiazuron (TDZ) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) induced good callogenesis at low concentrations but the calli were non-embryogenic with both. The proliferation of embryogenic calli was the best in a hormone-free medium. However, the media containing 40.5 and 54 ?M NAA alone could induce somatic embryos along with callus proliferation. Low BA-contained medium (0.9-4.44 ?M) led to recurrent somatic embryogenesis. Neither BA and GA3, nor the elevating sucrose concentration could cause further development and maturation of the somatic embryos induced during previous stages (callogenesis and callus proliferation). More research is required to optimize the maturation stage. The findings of the present study can be useful for future studies in the micropropagation of this recalcitrant specieslationships in Indian mustard under heat stress and the differential remobilization efficiencies in the advanced breeding lines.

Effect of local gene therapy on expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin in callus of distraction gap during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of electroporation-mediated local gene therapy on the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin in callus of distraction gap during mandibular distraction osteogenesis of rabbits.Methods:The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2019 to December 2019. Forty eight New-Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control group (group A), gene therapy group (group B) and normal saline group (group C), with 16 rabbits in each group. After bilateral mandible osteotomy and distractors were implanted, the distractors were activated at a speed of 0.8 mm/d on 4th day, postoperatively, and lasted for 7 days, followed by consolidation period. Group A distracted only, group B was subject to local injection of recombinant plasmid pIRES-hBMP2-hVEGF165 in the distraction gap and electroporation stimulation at the beginning of activation distractors; and group C local injection of the same dose of normal saline in the distraction gap and electroporation stimulation at the beginning of activation distractors. Four animals in each group were sacrificed on the day at the end of distraction, 7th, 14th, 28th days of consolidation period, respectively. The callus in the distraction gap was taken for immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR to detect the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin, and image analysis was performed. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.Results:Immunohistochemical staining showed that Wnt3a and β-catenin were mainly located in the cytoplasm and nuclei of fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts in callus tissue. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed that the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin reached a peak at the end of distraction. With the disappearance of distraction tension, the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin gradually decreased. After gene therapy intervention, the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin was significantly increased, and the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin in group B was the highest at each time point, with statistically significant difference compared with groups A and C ( F=96.3, P<0.01). Conclusions:Gene therapy promotes the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin in the callus of distraction gap, regulating the balance of the bone reconstruction system and thus promoting the formation of new bone in the distraction gap.

Monitoring the Progress of Treatment in Fracture Non-Union: The Role of Alkaline Phosphatase and Ultrasonography / Monitoramento da evolução do tratamento da ausência de consolidação da fratura: Papel da fosfatase alcalina e da ultrassonografia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the role of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ultrasonography (USG) in monitoring the progress of treatment in diaphyseal non-unions. Methods This prospective observational cohort study included adult patients with diaphyseal fractures of major long bones previously treated with internal fixation and eventually resulting in non-union. Following the definitive treatment for non-union, the patients were followed-up periodically for six months, and serial monitoring of the levels of ALP and USG were performed along with radiographs (X-rays) to ascertain the status of the union. Results After an initial rise at seven weeks, ALP levels declined to normal values in fractures which united, whereas they remained high in cases of persistent non-union. Similarly, after an elevation of the vascular resistive index (RI) at around 12 weeks in all the patients, it decreased in cases progressing to union, while it remained persistently high even at 24 weeks in fractures failing to unite. Cases of persistent non-union continued to show hypoechogenic callus at 24 weeks instead of converting into hyperechogenic callus, as observed in cases which progressed to union. Conclusion Significant changes suggestive of union appeared simultaneously on the X-rays, USG and ALP levels during the follow-up. However, a serial examination of the ALP levels and USG during the follow-up gave a hint of the direction of progress in the healing process of fracture non-union. Their role in monitoring the outcome of nonunion is more complimentary than supplementary to the X-rays.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o papel da concentração sérica de fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da ultrassonografia no monitoramento do progresso do tratamento da ausência de consolidação em fraturas diafisárias. Métodos Este estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo incluiu pacientes adultos com fraturas diafisárias dos principais ossos longos previamente submetidas a fixação interna sem consolidação. Após o tratamento definitivo, os pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por seis meses, com realização seriada de ultrassonografia, determinação da concentração de FA e radiografias para verificar a presença de consolidação. Resultados Após um aumento inicial em sete semanas, os níveis de FA voltaram ao valor normal em pacientes com fraturas consolidadas, mas continuaram elevados nos casos de ausência de consolidação. Da mesma forma, após uma elevação do índice de resistência (IR) vascular em cerca de 12 semanas em todos os pacientes, o IR diminuiu nos casos que progrediram para consolidação, mas continuou alto até as 24 semanas em fraturas não consolidadas. Os casos com ausência de consolidação ainda apresentavam calo hipoecogênico às 24 semanas, que não se converteu no calo hiperecogênico observado nos casos que progrediram para consolidação. Conclusão Alterações significativas sugestivas de consolidação foram simultaneamente observadas nas radiografias, na ultrassonografia e na concentração de FA durante o período de acompanhamento. No entanto, a realização seriada de exames da concentração de FA e de ultrassonografia durante o acompanhamento indicou o progresso da consolidação da fratura. Seu papel no monitoramento da ausência de consolidação é mais complementar do que suplementar à radiografia.

Distracción osteogénica del tercio medio facial. Reporte de dos casos clínicos / Distraction osteogenesis of the midface. Two clinical cases report

La corrección quirúrgica de grandes asimetrías faciales son un desafío para el equipo quirúrgico. En dichos casos, los resultados de la corrección utilizando técnicas quirúrgicas convencionales son limitados, lo que hace necesario la utilización de otras herramientas terapéuticas. La distracción ósea (DO) es una de ellas, pues permite el estiramiento controlado del callo óseo previamente creado mediante osteotomías. La DO permite realizar cambios en el posicionamiento óseo de gran envergadura, favoreciendo el crecimiento óseo como mecanismo de acción. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los resultados quirúrgicos de DO intraoral del tercio medio facial utilizado en dos pacientes con severas asimetrías faciales asociadas a malformaciones de origen genético. Se relata el diagnóstico, la planificación, las herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas, técnica quirúrgica y los resultados obtenidos.

Surgical correction of major facial asymmetries is a challenge for the surgical team. In such cases, treatment results from conventional surgical techniques are limited, which requires using other therapeutic tools. Bone distraction is one of them, as it allows controlled stretching of the bone callus previously developed through osteotomies. Distraction osteogenesis allows making changes in large bone positioning, favoring bone growth as an action mechanism. This article aims to describe the surgical results of intraoral distraction osteogenesis of the midface used in two patients with severe facial asymmetries related to congenital malformations. Diagnosis, planning, technological tools, surgical techniques, and results obtained are explained.

Optimization of callus cultures at Echinacea purpurea L. for the amount of caffeic acid derivatives

BACKGROUND: In order to produce an effective callus in Echinacea purpurea L.; determination of the explant type and growth regulators that best respond to callus induction and the optimization of the culture conditions to increase the amount of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) in the obtained callus. CADs contents of callus cultures of E. purpurea were evaluated by establishing an effective callus induction system in vitro. RESULTS: Various medium containing different growth regulators were tested using leaf, petiole, cotyledon and root as the explants. The best callus development was achieved in MS medium with 1.0 mg l 1 2,4- D + 2.0 mg l 1 BAP in leaf, 1.0 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 TDZ in petiole, 2.0 mg l 1 NAA + 1.0 mg l 1 TDZ in cotyledon and 0.5 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 BAP in roots. Upon optimisation of callus growth, each type of explant was cultured for 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks in medium for the analyses of caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and chicoric acid contents. The highest amounts of caftaric acid (4.11 mg/g) and chicoric acid (57.89 mg/g) were found from petiole explants and chlorogenic acid (8.83 mg/g) from root explants at the end of the 10-week culture time. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the present study, the production of caffeic acid derivatives was performed by providing the optimization of E. purpurea L. callus cultures. Effective and repeatable protocols established in this study may offer help for further studies investigating the production of caffeic acid derivatives in vitro.

Induction of secondary metabolites on nanoparticles stress in callus culture of Artemisia annua L / Indução de metabólitos secundários no estresse de nanopartículas em cultura de calos de Artemisia annua L

Nanoparticles are known bio elicitors in plant biotechnology. Different concentrations of ZnO, CuO and CoO nanoparticles were used for the enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in the callus derived from root, shoot and leaf of Artemisia annua L. Biomass of callus was somehow affected on high concentrations of Nps. Phenolic content was observed maximum (60µg) in shoot callus at 0.1mg/l of CuONps. Total antioxidant activity was observed maximum (33µg) in root callus at 0.1mg/l of ZnOnps. Total reducing power maximum (33µg) was observed in root callus at concentration of 0.05 mg/l of CoONps. Maximum radical scavenging activity was observed in shoot callus at 0.05mg/l of ZnONps. Rutin gallic acid and caffic acid were also determined in most of the samples by HPLC. The study concludes that different Nps have positive effect on the induction of secondary metabolites in A.annua plant.

Nanopartículas são bio-elicitores conhecidos em biotecnologia de plantas. Diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas de ZnO, CuO e CoO foram usadas para o acúmulo aumentado de metabólitos secundários e atividades antioxidantes no calo derivado da raiz, parte aérea e folha de Artemisiaannua L. A biomassa do calo foi de alguma forma afetada em altas concentrações de Nps. O conteúdo fenólico foi observado no máximo (60 µg) no calo da parte aérea a 0,1 mg / l de CuONps. A atividade antioxidante total foi observada no máximo (33µg) no calo radicular a 0,1mg / l de ZnOnps. O poder de redução total máximo (33µg) foi observado no calo radicular na concentração de 0,05 mg / l de CoONps. Atividade máxima de eliminação de radicais foi observada no calo da parte aérea a 0,05mg / l de ZnONps. O ácido rutina-gálico e o ácido caffic também foram determinados na maioria das amostras por HPLC. O estudo conclui que diferentes Nps têm efeito positivo na indução de metabólitos secundários na planta de A.annua.

Application of individualized controllable stress external fixation in open tibial fractures / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical effect of individualized controllable stress external fixator in the treatment of open tibial fractures.@*METHODS@#From December 2018 to July 2020, 60 patients with open tibial fractures were treated, including 35 males and 25 females;The age ranged from 23 to 58 years;The course of disease was 1.2 to 10.0 h. According to the stress stimulation on the fracture end after operation, all patients were divided into 4 groups, including non stress group (15 cases) and 3 groups with different stress stimulation(15 cases in each group). All patients with open tibial fractures were treated with controllable stress external fixator. Four weeks after operation, the stress group adjusted the elastic external fixator to apply axial stress of 1/6, 2/6 and 3/6 of their own weight to the fracture end based on the patient's weight. The wound healing of all patients after operation was observed, the plain CT images of fracture ends at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after operation were followed up, the average valueof callus area per 10 scanning planes was calculated, and the differences between the groups were compared. The fracture healing was observed and statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The wounds of all patients healed well, of which 7 patients underwent secondary free skin grafting and transferred myocutaneous flap. All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months, with an average of 16.5 months. The final follow-up results showed that the fracture healing of stress groups and non stress group had significant difference(@*CONCLUSION@#When the controllable stress external fixation technique is used to treat open tibial fractures, the elastic external fixator is adjusted according to the patient's own weight after 4 weeks, and a certain axial stress is applied to the fracture end, which is conducive to the fracture healing of patients, and can reduce the incidence of delayed union or nonunion of open fractures, which has a certain application value.

Callus induction, Indirect Organogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration from different explants of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd

Present study was conducted to standardize callus development and indirect organogenesis from differentexplants of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Among, the various hormonal combinations tested: IndoleAcetic Acid (IAA) and BA and IAA and Kinetin combinations were found to be optimum for inducing callusingwithin a time span of 10 days. Best callus response was observed in 1.5 mg l−1 IAA and 1.5 mg l−1 BA,which produced white friable callus. Best indirect shoot organogenesis was observed in 4 mg l−1 BA and6 mg l−1 kinetin. Elongated shoots when transferred on to half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) Mediumsupplemented with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), rooting was observed. MS medium fortified with 2 mg l−1 IBAshowed better rooting than all other concentrations tested. This concentration produced maximum number ofroots and maximum percentage of rooting. Plantlets developed by indirect organogenesis of V. anthelminticawere successfully acclimatized to field conditions

Rapid in vitro adventitious rooting and proliferation by leaf and nodal cultures of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl.

An effective approach for rapid in vitro rooting and proliferation of leaf and nodal cultures of Momordicacymbalaria has been developed. To the ability of induction of rhizogenesis, both leaf and nodal explants wereused in culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The effects of auxins such as α-naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at different concentrations have beenstudied. The maximum number of roots was produced from nodal explants containing 1.5 mg/L of NAA (9.3 ±0.61), 1.0 mg/L of IBA (6.5 ± 0.41), and 1.0 mg/L of IAA (3.5 ± 0.66), and in leaf explants containing 1.0 mg/Lof NAA (5.7 ± 0.56), 1.0 mg/L of IBA (6.9 ± 0.61), and 1.5 mg/L of IAA (5.0 ± 0.73) on the half-strength MSmedium. For the root induction, NAA is the very effective auxin in node explants of M. cymbalaria. Moreover,a large amount of quercetin bioactive compound is presented in the roots, which is used in anticancer drugs, andwe have described an effective method for the in vitro rhizogenesis of the M. cymbalaria.

Cluster bud induction of base stem and establishment of high efficiency regeneration system of Lycium ruthenicum / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the culture methods and conditions for the rapid propagation of Lycium ruthenicum in vitro, explore effective proliferation methods, and screen suitable plant regeneration pathways, so as to establish an artificial high-efficiency breeding technology system. Methods: Stem segments with one or two nodes of aseptic seedlings were used as materials. MS, modified MS1 and modified MS2 were used as basic media. The effects of different plant hormones and their concentrations on callus induction, axillary bud germination, basal stem adventitious cluster bud induction and plant regeneration were studied by single factor, complete combination and L9(34) orthogonal experiments. Results: A large number of callus were induced in MS + NAA 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.1 mg/L medium, but the ability of redifferentiation was weak, and the highest multiplication coefficient was only 4.36 after 35 d of culture; While in MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L + 6-BA 0.05 mg/L + KT 0.5 mg/L medium, with axillary buds starting to germinate, the node of stem segment contacted with culture medium began to swell and appeared adventitious bud points, which sprouted basal stem cluster budswith the incidence rate of 100%: And the highest multiplication coefficient could up to 42.84 after 45 d of culture. The suitable medium (MS1 + NAA 1.0 mg/L) for rooting of test-tube seedlings was modified. After 40 d of culture, the rooting rate reached 98.9%; And the survival rate of transplanted tube seedlings after refining was over 90%. Conclusion: In this study, the basal stem cluster buds were used as a new way for proliferation, and an efficient propagation system of L. barbarum in vitro was successfully established, which not only greatly improved the yield and quality of test-tube seedlings, but also provided another idea for the rapid propagation of other Lycium plants in vitro.

Construction of aseptic cultural system of Salvia miltiorrhiza and determination of active components by HPLC analysis / 中草药

Objective: The regeneration system of Salvia miltiorrhiza was constructed and contents of active components of the sterile materials were determined, so as to provide the basis for the rapid propagation and secondary metabolism regulation of S. miltiorrhiza. Methods: The optimum hormone ratio for inducing callus was screened by orthogonal test. The buds and roots induction were conducted to estabilish the tissue culture system. The contents of effective components were evaluated by HPLC analysis. Results: The suitable medium for callus induction was MS+6-BA (2.0 mg/L)+NAA (1.0 mg/L)+2,4-D (0.5 mg/L). The preferred enrichment medium of adventitious bud induction was MS+6-BA (2.0 mg/L)+NAA (1.0 mg/L). And rooting medium was 1/2 MS+NAA (0.5 mg/L). Seven active components in aseptic seedlings, callus, and regenerated seedlings could be detected with significant differences in different aseptic materials (P < 0.05). The contents of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B were higher than the others. Conclusion The culture system of S. miltiorrhiza was successfully established, and vigor regenerated seedlings were also obtained. The accumulation of active components in the three sterile materials showed difference, laying a foundation for further study in S. miltiorrhiza.

Assessment of neovascularization during bone healing using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in a canine tibial osteotomy model: a preliminary study

In vitro Callus Induction of Coccinia indica (W. and A) and Analysis of Its Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity - A Comparative Study

In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the phytochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Coccinia indica(W. and A) leaf extracts using four solvents and compare it with the callus extracts. Callus was initiated from the leaf explants of C.indicawith 90% efficiency using MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mg/l) + NAA (0.2 mg/l). Successive extraction method of C.indicawas found to be an efficient method of extraction and methanol was observed to be the best suited solvent for the extraction of phytochemicals and macromolecules that were responsible for antimicrobial, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition. GC-MS analysis of C.indicahas confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds (Example: 9-Octadecanoic acid, 2-octadecycloxy ethyl ester (100%) in successive methanolic callus extract) in all the extracts where the FTIR analysis has confirmed the presence of various important functional groups of the identified bioactive compounds. Successive methanol extract of callus of C.indicawas found to be the potent antimicrobial agent with drug efflux pump inhibitor property against 5 bacterial strains, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC700603), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (clinical isolate) and 3 fungal strains, Candida albicans (IFM 40009), Candida tropicalis (IFM 55058)andCandida krusei (IFM 46521).Successive methanol extract of callus of C.indicawas found to be an efficient antioxidant agent and an efficient α-amylase inhibitor, which proves it to be a potent anti-diabetic agent with IC50 concentration to be 82.5μg/ml. This study is one of the strong evidence for this plant to be used by the traditional practitioners as a phytopharmaceutical agent

Callus Induction and Synthetic Seed Development in Draceana sanderiana Sanderex Mast: Lucky Bamboo

The study was carried out for callus induction and synthetic seed development from the shoot tips of Draceana sanderiana sander ex Mast. The shoot tips were subjected to different concentrations (0.25, 0.5 &1.0 mg/l) of 2,4-D on MS medium. The research findings revealed that the 2,4-D at concentrations of 0.25 mg/l was more suited for the profuse callus formation. The friable and light yellow callus was induced within 2 weeks of culture at 0.25 mg/l of 2,4-D on MS medium as compared to the other two concentrations of 2,4-D i.e.; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l. Similarly the effect of sodium alginate and calcium chloride percentage on synthetic seed formation was observed, it was found that somatic embryos formed from shoot tips via callus kept in 2.5% sodium alginate and 100 milli molar CaCl2 produced synthetic seeds with firm spherical beads. The study leads to the formation of synthetic seeds of Draceana sanderiana which can be used for the conservation of germplasm through cryopreservation and the micro propagation of the said plant species.